Which type of feedback is considered most beneficial for language learners?

Immediate and specific feedback that addresses errors directly is highly beneficial for language learners because it allows them to understand their mistakes and learn from them in real-time. This kind of feedback helps learners make the necessary adjustments to their language use as they practice, fostering greater retention of the correct forms and structures.

When learners receive immediate feedback, they can immediately apply corrections and reinforce the learning of correct language use while the relevant context is still fresh in their minds. Specific feedback helps pinpoint exactly what errors were made, whether they pertain to grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation, or usage, giving learners clear guidance on how to improve. This form of engagement promotes a more interactive and effective learning environment, as students feel supported and encouraged to refine their skills.

In contrast, vague and general feedback lacks the specificity needed for learners to grasp where they went wrong. Delayed feedback, while sometimes useful in certain contexts, can lead to confusion if students do not remember the specific instances when they made errors. Feedback that focuses solely on correct answers fails to address the learning process and the errors made, which can hinder a learner's understanding and ability to improve over time.